Making a Home
A Community in Conflict
Working for a Living
Farming in the Great Corn Belt
Abraham Lincoln in McLean County
1966
Who had the power to define morality?The Bloomington Chamber of Commerce sponsored an annual Christmas parade that featured holiday-themed floats created by local community groups and businesses. Bloomington’s mayor at the time was Bob McGraw, who did not like disruptions in community-wide activities
Bloomington-Normal’s NAACP was always invited to participate in the Chamber’s Christmas parade. In 1965 under the leadership of Merlin Kennedy, they decided to do something unexpected.
Who had the power?
NAACP's 1965 Parade Float
The NAACP’s 1965 float featured a group of racially diverse children and Merlin Kennedy dressed as Santa Claus. A sign on the float read, “Equal Opportunity Employer,” and urged residents to patronize five stores that hired African Americans.
After the event Bloomington Mayor Bob McGraw made it clear he was not happy that a Black man dressed as Santa Claus had been featured in the parade, and that the NAACP had promoted businesses that hired African Americans.
The following year the Chamber of Commerce did not invite the NAACP to the parade. When NAACP members asked why, the answer they received was “unsatisfactory.” But an invitation was finally sent.
In 1966 Kennedy and the NAACP planned to shake things up again — this time with the help of US, a local human rights advocate group.
“We used that group [US] ... to do some of the things that we couldn't do under the banner of the NAACP.”
— Merlin Kennedy
BNBHP interview
The NAACP’s 1966 float featured Santa Claus (Merlin Kennedy) in a sled and with a sign that read “Don’t Buy Gifts This Christmas, Give Love = Get off Somebody’s Back.
Bob McGraw was Mayor of Bloomington from 1957 to 1969.
Merlin Kennedy was an important Bloomington-Normal civil rights activist who participated in local desegregation and voter registration efforts, and helped to create Bloomington’s first Human Relations Commission. Local whites persecuted him for his stand against discrimination. This included throwing bricks through the windows of his Bloomington home.
Rules Changed
Two weeks before the 1966 parade, the NAACP got a surprise — new rules had been created and published by Mayor McGraw.
“The Mayor must pass on the religious taste of floats before entering the parade route,” and “no commercial messages are permitted,” were two of the new rules.
“Perhaps the mayor thought we were getting ready to put a black Madonna on the float... What qualifications entitle a mayor to make a judgment on religious taste?”
— Unidentified NAACP official
Decatur Herald, November 22, 1966
Police Block the NAACP Float
Shortly after the NAACP float was pulled into the 1966 parade lineup, police blocked it with a car and three armed officers began to argue with NAACP members accompanying the float.
Meanwhile, Kennedy climbed down from the float and headed to the parade with two others, but was soon stopped by additional police officers.
He protested, “Why are you stopping me?”
The police responded, “You’re not going to be in the parade. There’s only one Santa.”
“Am I under arrest?” Kennedy asked.
At that moment US member Carroll Cox, who was snapping photographs of Kennedy and the police (the camera was actually for show, as it had no film inside) shouted, “They’re arresting Santa Claus!”
Not knowing what to do, the police backed off and Kennedy walked the sidewalk along the parade route waving to the spectators.
Unable to ride on the NAACP’s banned Christmas float because he was dressed as a Black Santa Claus, Merlin Kennedy walked the parade route waving to the crowds. Behind him is his wife Beulah Kennedy, and he is carrying Phillip Jones.
Listen to an audio clip of this story...
Santa suit, circa 1965
View this object in Matterport
Santa suit worn by civil rights activist Merlin Kennedy on Bloomington-Normal’s NAACP float during the 1965 Chamber of Commerce’s Christmas parade, and while walking the parade route during the 1966 Christmas parade.
2017.20.07
Reflection Questions
Why do you think the Pantagraph chose not to cover these events?
How did people, like Mayor McGraw, use morality and religion to discriminate?